2013년 11월 29일 금요일

About 'what is fund accounting'|...inappropriate avenue of funding, medical isurance, as...of thought. What has made... a bit absurd is the fact that I was...a less than accurate account of what ...







About 'what is fund accounting'|...inappropriate avenue of funding, medical isurance, as...of thought. What has made... a bit absurd is the fact that I was...a less than accurate account of what ...








Quality               control               is               about               developing               and               maintaining               a               quality               product               that               is               economical,               useful,               and               always               satisfactory               to               the               customer.

And,               quality               comprehends               the               quality               of               the               work,               the               service,               information,               the               process,               the               employees               and               management,               the               company,               and               its               objectives.

Quality               control               involves               the               entire               business               process,               and               the               accounting               function               is               an               integral               part               of               this               operation.

Accounting               is               integrally               linked               to               every               other               aspect               of               the               business,               and               is               an               active               participant               in               every               business               activity.

Quality               control               in               every               other               part               of               the               business               must               be               supported               by               the               corresponding               level               of               quality               control               in               accounting.
               Accounting               As               a               Support               Function               for               Other               Areas
               Quality               control               in               the               purchasing               function               must               be               supported               by               good               follow-up               in               accounts               payable.

Quality               control               in               manufacturing               and               production               must               be               supported               by               proper               cost               accounting               records,               to               accurately               reflect               production               costs,               and               to               provide               the               information               necessary               to               make               informed               decisions               about               efficiencies               to               be               gained               in               order               to               produce               an               even               better               product               at               a               more               competitive               price.

The               quality               of               the               merchandising               function               depends               on               the               proper               safeguarding               and               accounting               for               inventory.

Quality               control               in               marketing               must               be               supported               by               a               quality               credit               function,               and               accurate               billings               to               customers.

Management               decisions               regarding               overall               direction               and               business               strategy               depend               on               accurate               and               complete               financial               information.

The               continuance               of               the               business               operation,               and               its               good               standing               with               taxing               authorities               and               regulatory               agencies               depends               on               the               timely               payment               of               taxes,               licenses,               and               fees.

Quality               control               in               human               resources               and               labor               relations,               must               be               accompanied               by               a               payroll               function               that               ensures               timely               and               accurate               payments,               to               contribute               to               general               employee               morale               and               incentive.

And,               the               business's               reputation               with               the               public               in               general,               and               with               shareholders,               is               enhanced               by               accurate,               timely,               and               transparent               financial               reporting.
               Accounting               Customers
               One               of               the               basic               elements               of               the               essence               of               quality               control               is               understanding               the               customer's               requirements.

Accounting,               as               an               administrative               and               support               function,               has               several               different               types               of               customers,               both               inside               and               outside               the               business.

These               include:               
               ·               Employees,               
               ·               Other               departments,               
               ·               Auditors,               
               ·               Management,               
               ·               Owners,               
               ·               Customers,               
               ·               Vendors,               
               ·               Contractors,               
               ·               Lenders               and               creditors,               
               ·               Benefit               plan               administrators,               
               ·               Taxing               authorities,               
               ·               Regulatory               agencies,               and               
               ·               The               public               in               general.
               Another               concept               of               total               quality               control               is               that               meeting               standards               may               not               be               enough               -               the               requirements               of               the               customers               themselves               need               to               be               satisfied.

Standards               for               the               accounting               operation               are               a               function               of               both               internal               and               external               factors.

The               accounting               department               has               to               meet               the               needs               of               different               types               of               customers               at               the               same               time,               and               quality               assurance               in               the               accounting               function               requires               reaching               and               maintaining               the               appropriate               balance               of               standards,               policies,               practices               and               procedures               to               adequately               satisfy               these               needs.

These               standards               must               be               kept               up-to-date               with               the               requirements               of               accounting's               customers.

These               requirements               may               consist               of               changes               in               tax               laws               or               regulatory               reporting               requirements,               internal               changes               in               business               operations               and               procedures,               and               the               need               for               different               types               of               financial               information               as               a               result               of               changes               in               the               business's               direction               and               strategy.
               Real               Quality               Characteristics
               The               real               quality               characteristics               that               the               accounting               operation               must               be               concerned               with               include               the               following:
               ·               Payroll:               Employees               must               be               paid               correctly,               in               accordance               with               established               parameters,               on               a               timely               basis.


               ·               Accounts               Payable:               Vendors               and               creditors               must               be               paid,               on               time,               for               properly               authorized               and               substantiated               commitments               that               the               business               has               assumed.


               ·               Accounts               Receivable:               Customers               must               be               billed               according               to               agreed               upon               sales               terms               and               conditions,               and               collections               on               customer               accounts               must               be               made               to               ensure               the               viability               and               continuance               of               the               business.


               ·               General               Ledger               and               Reporting:               All               business               transactions               must               be               accurately               and               completely               reflected               on               the               company's               books,               in               accordance               with               generally               accepted               accounting               principles               and               in               compliance               with               tax,               legal,               and               regulatory               requirements.

Management               must               receive               the               financial               information               it               needs               to               properly               direct               the               business               operation.

Adequate,               timely,               and               complete               accounting               must               be               made               to               the               business               owners.
               These               real               quality               characteristics               can               then               be               broken               down               and               expressed               in               terms               of               the               policies,               practices,               and               procedures               that               accounting               will               follow               in               its               operation.

Total               quality               control               involves               an               ongoing               assessment               of               compliance               with,               and               completion               of               the               real               quality               characteristics.

And               there               must               be               ways               of               measuring               this               compliance               and               completion,               in               an               objective               manner,               with               the               purpose               of               correcting               any               defects               or               deficiencies,               and               ensuring               the               satisfaction               of               accounting's               customers.
               Quality               Control               Parameters
               The               following               are               some               of               the               parameters               that               can               be               used               to               assess               total               quality               control               in               the               accounting               area.
               Payroll               
               
               ·               Payroll               master               file               data               for               each               employee               is               correctly               entered               into               the               payroll               system               and               is               updated               whenever               there               is               a               change.


               ·               Individual               employee               files               are               complete               with               all               necessary               documentation,               including               application               form,               resume,               offer               letter,               contract,               W-4               form               or               other               tax               withholding               document,               court-ordered               withholding               certificates,               benefit               plan               forms,               confidentiality               agreements,               and               any               other               information               required               according               to               the               company's               personnel               policies.

If               this               documentation               is               maintained               in               a               separate               personnel               or               human               resources               department,               the               payroll               function               in               accounting               has               a               means               of               verifying               data               as               necessary               for               payroll               purposes.


               ·               All               time               input               data               is               collected,               verified,               and               processed               with               sufficient               lead               time               to               meet               payroll               deadlines.


               ·               All               new               hires               are               entered               into               the               payroll               system               and               paid               on               the               payroll               date               for               their               first               payroll               period.


               ·               All               terminations               are               processed,               and               final               paychecks               and               pay               statements               are               available               on               the               agreed               upon,               or               established               date               for               final               payment.


               ·               All               personnel               action               forms               or               requests               (raises,               promotions,               vacation               advances)               are               verified               for               authorization               and               compliance               with               established               policies               and               procedures,               and               are               processed               in               time               to               meet               payroll               deadlines.


               ·               All               payroll               variations               (overtime,               bonuses,               commissions)               are               processed               and               included               in               the               appropriate               payroll               cycle.


               ·               All               data               related               to               employees'               affiliation               with               benefit               plans,               such               as               medical               insurance               coverage,               and               pension               or               retirement               accounts,               is               properly               reflected               in               the               payroll               master               file               data,               and               any               changes               are               processed               in               time               to               be               included               in               the               appropriate               payroll               cycle.


               ·               All               paychecks               are               distributed               on               the               payroll               date,               or               funds               are               available               in               employees'               bank               accounts               on               that               date,               if               they               are               paid               by               automatic               deposits.


               ·               U.S.

FICA               (social               security               and               Medicare)               taxes,               and               local,               state,               and               federal               income               taxes               are               correctly               withheld               from               employees'               pay               and               are               deposited               with               the               corresponding               taxing               authority.


               ·               The               employer's               portion               of               payroll               taxes,               including               FICA               and               state               and               federal               unemployment               taxes,               are               properly               calculated               and               recorded.

The               corresponding               tax               returns               are               filed,               and               tax               payments               are               made               on               time.

There               are               no               penalties               or               fines               for               not               filing,               or               for               filing               late.


               ·               Withholding               of               employee               deductions               for               benefit               plans               such               as               medical               insurance               and               pension               or               retirement               accounts               are               correct,               and               are               properly               reported               and               paid               to               the               benefit               plan               administrator               or               fund.


               ·               All               employer               contributions               to               employee               benefit               plans               are               properly               paid               and               recorded               in               each               employee's               account.


               ·               All               questions               that               employees               may               have               on               their               paychecks               are               answered,               and               any               discrepancies               are               promptly               resolved.


               ·               There               is               an               emergency               or               contingency               plan               in               place,               to               continue               payroll               processing,               in               the               event               of               any               natural               or               other               disaster               that               would               prevent               normal               processing.
               Accounts               Payable
               ·               There               is               a               control               log               or               register               of               outstanding               purchase               orders               and               work               requests,               and               follow-up               is               performed               regularly               to               ensure               that               invoices               are               received               for               supplies               and               materials               that               have               been               received               and               work               that               has               been               performed.


               ·               There               is               a               log,               or               other               control               record               for               all               invoices               received,               to               ensure               that               no               invoices               are               misplaced               or               left               out               of               the               processing               cycle.


               ·               Invoices               received               are               matched               with               requisitions,               purchase               orders,               and               receiving               reports               or               completion               reports.

This               matching               is               documented,               and               follow-up               is               performed               if               there               are               any               discrepancies.


               ·               Approvals               are               obtained               for               all               purchase               orders,               work               requests,               and               invoices,               according               to               established               policies               and               procedures.

No               disbursements               are               made               without               the               proper               approval.


               ·               All               purchase               orders,               work               requests,               and               invoices               are               accurately               coded               with               the               correct               general               ledger               account               number,               subledger               account               number,               business               unit               or               cost               center               number,               and               any               other               identifying               number               used,               according               to               the               chart               of               accounts,               in               order               to               avoid               the               need               for               reclassifications.


               ·               All               invoices               are               paid               by               the               due               date,               avoiding               late               charges,               penalties,               breaches               of               contract,               or               any               other               problems               with               vendors,               suppliers,               or               contractors,               and               to               protect               good               credit               standing.


               ·               All               utility               bills               are               paid               on               time,               in               order               to               avoid               cut-offs               of               services,               additional               charges               for               late               payments,               or               the               need               to               make               deposits.


               ·               Invoices               are               properly               scheduled               for               payment,               to               avoid               the               need               for               rush               payments               or               manual               checks.


               ·               All               taxes               are               paid               on               time,               to               avoid               late               payment               penalties.


               ·               All               licenses               and               fees               are               paid               on               time,               to               ensure               continuance               of               business               operations               and               avoid               intervention               by               governmental               entities               and               regulatory               agencies.


               ·               There               are               inherent               controls               in               the               systems               to               detect               potential               duplicate               payments.


               ·               There               is               complete               and               accurate               reporting               of               all               disbursement               information               for               cash               flow               forecasting               purposes.
               Accounts               Receivable
               ·               There               are               clear               criteria               and               procedures               for               approving               customer               credit,               based               on               the               capacity               to               pay.


               ·               No               credit               sales               are               made               without               credit               approval.


               ·               There               are               inherent               controls               in               the               system               to               flag               any               potential               sale               to               a               customer               without               credit               approval               on               file.


               ·               Invoices               are               sent               or               transmitted               to               customers               and               clients               as               soon               as               the               sale               or               service               is               complete.


               ·               Invoices               include               a               reference               to               the               customer's               purchase               order               or               work               request               number.


               ·               Invoices               are               accompanied               by               copies               of               shipping               and               proof               of               receipt               documents,               or               acceptance               of               the               work               performed,               as               applicable.


               ·               The               register               of               invoices               is               compared               to               sales               reports,               and               reports               of               shipments               or               services               performed,               and               any               differences               are               promptly               researched               and               resolved.


               ·               There               are               clear               internal               control               procedures               for               receiving,               recording,               and               depositing               receipts               from               cash               sales.


               ·               There               is               segregation               of               duties               between               the               cash               receipt               and               recording               functions.


               ·               All               checks               received               are               recorded               in               a               log,               separate               from               the               cash               receipts               journal.


               ·               Bank               deposits               are               compared               to               total               daily               cash               receipts               and               logs               of               checks               received.


               ·               All               receipts,               in               the               form               of               cash,               checks,               and               direct               bank               deposits               are               promptly               recorded               to               individual               customer               accounts.


               ·               Bank               reconciliations               are               performed               regularly               and               any               unidentified               deposits               or               credits               are               promptly               researched               and               resolved.


               ·               An               accounts               receivable               aging               report               is               issued               on               a               regular               basis,               and               is               reviewed               by               the               person(s)               responsible               for               the               credit               and               accounts               receivable               functions,               and               by               management.


               ·               Statements               are               issued               to               credit               customers               on               a               regular               basis.


               ·               Follow-up               collection               calls               are               made               on               a               regular               basis               to               customers               with               outstanding               invoices.


               ·               Persons               making               collection               calls               are               trained               in               the               use               of               appropriate               interpersonal               communications               skills               to               ensure               good               relationships               with               customers               and               clients,               thereby               contributing               to               future               sales.
               General               Ledger               and               Reporting
               ·               There               is               consistent               compliance               with               generally               accepted               accounting               principles,               and               any               special               accounting               requirements               for               regulatory               effects.


               ·               All               transactions               are               accurately               reflected               on               the               books.


               ·               Each               accounting               entry               has               supporting               documentation.


               ·               A               preliminary               trial               balance               is               reviewed               before               closing               the               books               each               period.


               ·               Accounting               closings               are               completed               in               a               timely               manner,               to               meet               deadlines               for               financial               and               tax               reporting.


               ·               All               general               ledger               balance               sheet               accounts               are               reconciled               at               least               monthly,               and               any               reconciling               items               are               researched               and               resolved.


               ·               All               income               and               expense               account               entries               are               properly               recorded,               to               facilitate               budget               variance               analysis               and               controls.


               ·               There               is               complete               disclosure,               avoiding               any               regulatory               intervention.


               ·               Accurate               records               of               tax               liabilities               are               maintained,               to               facilitate               the               preparation               of               tax               returns.


               ·               Depreciable               and               amortizable               costs               are               properly               capitalized               to               take               advantage               of               income               tax               benefits.


               ·               Physical               and               electronic               accounting               records               and               files               are               kept               in               good               order,               to               facilitate               the               work               of               internal               or               independent               auditors               and               fiscal               inspectors.


               ·               Financial               information               is               generated               to               properly               account               to               the               owners,               in               a               transparent               manner,               with               full               disclosure.


               ·               Financial               reports               are               generated               that               facilitate               the               work               of               management               in               directing               operations               and               planning               for               the               future.









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