About 'portfolio accounting system'|...commitment to fact and reason within both American journalism and the broader political system. Though lying is not foreign to U.S. politics and media, ...
...Ａｓ Ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ Ｃｒｅｄｉｔ Ｃａｒｄ Ｄｅｂｔ Ｒｉｓｅｓ, Ｂａｎｋｓ Ｑｕｉｅｔｌｙ Ｒｅｗａｒｄ Ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅｓ Ｍａｋｅ Ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ Ｓｅｌｌｉｎｇ Ａｃｃｅｓｓ ａｎｄ Ａｄｄｒｅｓｓｅｓ ｔｏ Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ Ｂｙ Ｂｅｎ Ｐｒｏｔｅｓｓ ａｎｄ Ｊｅａｎｎｅｔｔｅ Ｎｅｕｍａｎｎ Ｈｕｆｆｉｎｇｔｏｎ Ｐｏｓｔ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｆｕｎｄ Ｓｏｍｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｎａｔｉｏｎ'ｓ ｌａｒｇｅｓｔ ａｎｄ ｍｏｓｔ ｅｌｉｔｅ ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｉｅｓ ｓｔａｎｄ ｔｏ ｇａｉｎ ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ ｏｆ ｄｏｌｌａｒｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｓｅｌｌｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｎａｍｅｓ ａｎｄ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓｅｓ ｏｆ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ａｎｄ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ｔｏ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ ｗｈｉｌｅ ｇｒａｎｔｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ ａｃｃｅｓｓ ｔｏ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｅｖｅｎｔｓ, ｔｈｅ Ｈｕｆｆｉｎｇｔｏｎ Ｐｏｓｔ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｆｕｎｄ ｈａｓ ｆｏｕｎｄ. Ｔｈｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｉｒ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｓ ａｒｅ ｅｎｔｉｔｌｅｄ ｔｏ ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ ｐａｙｍｅｎｔｓ ｔｈａｔ ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｙ ａｓ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｕｓｅ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｃａｒｄｓ. Ｓｏｍｅ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅｓ ｃａｎ ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ ｂｏｎｕｓｅｓ ｗｈｅｎ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｉｎｃｕｒ ｄｅｂｔ. Ｔｈｅ ｌｉｔｔｌｅ-ｋｎｏｗｎ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ ｈａｖｅ ｅｎｒｉｃｈｅｄ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｎｄ ｓｏｍｅ ｂａｎｋｓ ａｔ ａ ｔｉｍｅ ｗｈｅｎ ｙｏｕｎｇ ｗｏｍｅｎ ａｎｄ ｍｅｎ ａｌｒｅａｄｙ ａｒｅ ｂｏｒｒｏｗｉｎｇ ａｔ ｒｅｃｏｒｄ ｌｅｖｅｌｓ, ｒａｉｓｉｎｇ ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ ａｂｏｕｔ ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ ｓｕｃｈ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｉａｔｅ ａｎｄ ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ ａｌｌｉａｎｃｅｓ ａｒｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｂｅｓｔ ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓ ｏｆ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ. "Ｔｈｅ ｆａｃｔ ｔｈａｔ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｒｅ ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇ ｐａｉｄ ｆｏｒ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｔｏ ｒａｃｋ ｕｐ ｄｅｂｔ ｉｓ ａ ｄｉｓｇｒａｃｅ," ｓａｉｄ ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｍａｎ Ｐａｔｒｉｃｋ Ｍｕｒｐｈｙ, ａ Ｐｅｎｎｓｙｌｖａｎｉａ Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔ ａｎｄ ｆｏｒｍｅｒ ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ ａｔ ｔｈｅ Ｕ.Ｓ. Ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ Ａｃａｄｅｍｙ ａｔ Ｗｅｓｔ Ｐｏｉｎｔ. Ｈｅ ｓａｉｄ ｔｈａｔ ｂａｎｋｓ' ｐａｙｍｅｎｔｓ ｔｏ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｍｏｕｎｔ ｔｏ "ｋｉｃｋｂａｃｋｓ." ＫＥＹ ＦＩＮＤＩＮＧＳ Ｏｕｒ ｅｘａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ ｉｎｖｏｌｖｉｎｇ ｓｏｍｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｎａｔｉｏｎ'ｓ ｌａｒｇｅｓｔ ａｎｄ ｍｏｓｔ ｐｒｅｓｔｉｇｉｏｕｓ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅｓ ｒｅｖｅａｌｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｎｄ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｓ: Ｓｅｌｌ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ' ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ. Ｍａｎｙ ａｒｅ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｕａｌｌｙ ｏｂｌｉｇａｔｅｄ ｔｏ ｓｈａｒｅ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ' ｎａｍｅｓ, ｐｈｏｎｅ ｎｕｍｂｅｒｓ ａｎｄ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓｅｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｂａｎｋｓ. Ｅａｒｎ ｒｏｙａｌｔｉｅｓ: Ｂａｎｋｓ ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ ｐａｙ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ $1 ｆｏｒ ｅａｃｈ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｗｈｏ ｋｅｅｐｓ ａ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｏｐｅｎ ｆｏｒ 90 ｄａｙｓ. Ｗｈｅｎ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｃａｒｒｙ ａ ｂａｌａｎｃｅ, ｓｏｍｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ｃａｎ ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔ ｕｐ ｔｏ $3 ｍｏｒｅ ｐｅｒ ｃａｒｄ. Ｃａｓｈ ｉｎ ｅａｃｈ ｔｉｍｅ ａ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｕｓｅｓ ｐｌａｓｔｉｃ: Ｍａｎｙ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｒｅ ｅｎｔｉｔｌｅｄ ｔｏ ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ 0.4 ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ ｏｆ ａｌｌ ｒｅｔａｉｌ ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｓ ｍａｄｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｃａｒｄｓ. Ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ ｆｒｏｍ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｉｎｃｅｎｔｉｖｅｓ: Ｗｈｅｎ ａ ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｏｒ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ ａｇｒｅｅｓ ｔｏ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｃａｒｄｓ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｉｔｓｅｌｆ, ｔｈｅ ｐａｙｏｆｆ ｉｓ ｇｒｅａｔｅｒ -- ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓ ｕｐ ｔｏ $60 ｆｏｒ ｅａｃｈ ｃａｒｄ ｏｐｅｎｅｄ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ａ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ'ｓ ｏｗｎ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ. Ｏｆｆｅｒ ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ ｐｅｒｋｓ: Ｂａｎｋｓ ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓ ｇａｉｎ ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ ａｃｃｅｓｓ ｔｏ ａｔｈｌｅｔｉｃ ｅｖｅｎｔｓ. Ｃｏｒｎｅｌｌ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｍｕｓｔ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ Ｃｈａｓｅ Ｂａｎｋ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｉｃｋｅｔｓ ａｎｄ "ｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｙ" ｐａｒｋｉｎｇ ｐａｓｓｅｓ ａｔ ｆｏｏｔｂａｌｌ, ｂａｓｋｅｔｂａｌｌ, ｈｏｃｋｅｙ ａｎｄ ｌａｃｒｏｓｓｅ ｇａｍｅｓ. Ｌａｎｄｍａｒｋ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｓｉｇｎｅｄ ｂｙ Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ Ｏｂａｍａ ｏｎｅ ｙｅａｒ ａｇｏ ｃｕｒｂｅｄ ｓｏｍｅ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｔａｃｔｉｃｓ ｏｎ ｃａｍｐｕｓｅｓ ｂｕｔ ｄｉｄｎ'ｔ ｐｒｏｈｉｂｉｔ ｔｈｅ ａｒｒａｎｇｅｍｅｎｔｓ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅｓ ａｎｄ ｂａｎｋｓ, ｋｎｏｗｎ ａｓ "ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ" ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ. Ｔｈｅ ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｄｅａｌｓ ｈａｄ ｂｅｅｎ ｓｅｃｒｅｔ. Ａ ｐｒｏｖｉｓｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｌａｗ, ａｕｔｈｏｒｅｄ ｂｙ Ｍｕｒｐｈｙ, ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｄｉｓｃｌｏｓｕｒｅ. Ｂｕｔ ｅｖｅｎ ｎｏｗ, ｆｅｗ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ｐｏｓｔ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ ｏｎｌｉｎｅ ｏｒ ｐｕｂｌｉｃｉｚｅ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ. Ｏｂｔａｉｎｉｎｇ ａ ｃｏｐｙ ｃａｎ ｔａｋｅ ｔｗｏ ｗｅｅｋｓ ｏｒ ｍｏｒｅ. Ｔｈｕｓ ｉｔ'ｓ ｕｎｃｌｅａｒ ｈｏｗ ｍａｎｙ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｎａｔｉｏｎ'ｓ 2,700 ｆｏｕｒ-ｙｅａｒ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅｓ ｈａｖｅ ｓｕｃｈ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ, ｏｒ ｈｏｗ ｍａｎｙ ａｌｌｏｗ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ ｔｏ ｔａｒｇｅｔ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｉｎ ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ ｔｏ ｇｒａｄｕａｔｅｓ. Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ, ｗｈｉｃｈ ｄｏｍｉｎａｔｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｍａｒｋｅｔ, ｓａｉｄ ｉｔ ｈａｓ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｓｏｍｅ 700 ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｎｄ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｓ, ｗｈｅｒｅ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ ｖａｒｙ. Ａｔ ｌｅａｓｔ 100 ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｒｅ ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｄ ｔｏ ｈａｖｅ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ. Ｓｅｖｅｎｔｅｅｎ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ ｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｆｕｎｄ ｆｒｏｍ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｉｒ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｓ ｄｅｔａｉｌ ｔｈｅ ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ ａｃｃｅｓｓ ｇｒａｎｔｅｄ ｔｏ ｂａｎｋｓ, ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ａｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｔｈｅｍ ｔｏ ｓｅｔ ｕｐ ｂｏｏｔｈｓ ａｔ ｆｏｏｔｂａｌｌ ｇａｍｅｓ. Ａｌｌ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ ｃａｌｌ ｆｏｒ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅｓ ｔｏ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ' ｎａｍｅｓ, ｐｈｏｎｅ ｎｕｍｂｅｒｓ ａｎｄ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓｅｓ. Ｆｏｒ ｇｒａｎｔｉｎｇ ｓｕｃｈ ａｃｃｅｓｓ ａｎｄ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ, ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ｃａｎ ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ ｒｏｙａｌｔｙ ｐａｙｍｅｎｔｓ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｏｆ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｏｐｅｎｉｎｇ ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ａｍｏｕｎｔ ｔｈｅｙ ｓｐｅｎｄ, ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ ｓｈｏｗ. Ｍｏｓｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｒｅ ｅｎｔｉｔｌｅｄ ｔｏ ｅａｒｎ ｍｏｒｅ ｗｈｅｎｅｖｅｒ ａ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｃａｒｒｉｅｓ ａ ｂａｌａｎｃｅ ｆｒｏｍ ｙｅａｒ ｔｏ ｙｅａｒ. Ｓｏｍｅ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒ ａｄｖｏｃａｔｅｓ ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅｓ ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｉｎｇ ｉｎ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ ａｒｅ ｆａｉｌｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｓａｆｅｇｕａｒｄ ｔｈｅ ｙｏｕｎｇ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｃａｒｅ. "Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｉｅｓ ｓｈｏｕｌｄ ｐｌａｃｅ ｔｈｅ ｗｅｌｆａｒｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ａｓ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｈｉｇｈｅｓｔ ｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｓｈｏｕｌｄｎ'ｔ ｓｅｌｌ ｔｈｅｍ ｏｆｆ ｆｏｒ ｐｒｏｆｉｔ," ｓａｉｄ Ｅｄ Ｍｉｅｒｚｗｉｎｓｋｉ, ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒ ｐｒｏｇｒａｍ ｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｆｅｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｓｔａｔｅ Ｐｕｂｌｉｃ Ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ Ｇｒｏｕｐｓ, ｏｒ ＰＩＲＧ. Ｔｈｒｅｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ, ａｆｔｅｒ ｂｅｉｎｇ ｃｏｎｔａｃｔｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｆｕｎｄ, ｓｔｏｐｐｅｄ ａｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｂａｎｋｓ ｔｏ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ. Ｓｅｖｅｎ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｎｄ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｓ, ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ ａｔ Ｂｒｏｗｎ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｍｉｃｈｉｇａｎ, ｓａｉｄ ｔｈｅｙ ｈａｖｅ ａｂａｎｄｏｎｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ, ｅｖｅｎ ｔｈｏｕｇｈ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ ａｐｐｅａｒ ｔｏ ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅ ｉｔ. Ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ ｃａｌｌ ｆｏｒ ａ ｒａｎｇｅ ｏｆ ｍｉｎｉｍｕｍ ｐａｙｍｅｎｔｓ ｂｙ ｂａｎｋｓ. Ａｔ Ｂｒｏｗｎ, Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ ａｇｒｅｅｄ ｉｎ 2006 ｔｏ ｐａｙ $2.3 ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ ｏｖｅｒ ｓｅｖｅｎ ｙｅａｒｓ. Ａｔ Ｍｉｃｈｉｇａｎ, ｔｈｅ ｂａｎｋ ｉｎ 2003 ａｇｒｅｅｄ ｔｏ ｐａｙ $25.5 ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ ｏｖｅｒ 11 ｙｅａｒｓ. Ｔｈｅ ｂａｎｋ ｓａｙｓ ｉｔ'ｓ ｎｏｔ ｔａｋｉｎｇ ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅ ｏｆ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ; ｉｔ'ｓ ａｍａｓｓｉｎｇ ｎｅｗ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ ｗｈｏｓｅ ｌｏｙａｌｔｉｅｓ ｃａｎ ｓｐａｎ ａ ｄｅｃａｄｅ ｏｒ ｍｏｒｅ. "Ｏｕｒ ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｉｎ ｓｅｒｖｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｉｓ ｔｏ ｃｒｅａｔｅ ｔｈｅ ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ ｆｏｒ ａ ｌｏｎｇ-ｔｅｒｍ ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ," Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ ｓｐｏｋｅｓｗｏｍａｎ Ｂｅｔｔｙ Ｒｉｅｓｓ ｓａｉｄ ｉｎ ａｎ ｅｍａｉｌ, ａｄｄｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｂａｎｋ ｏｆｆｅｒｓ ｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｅ ｒａｔｅｓ ａｎｄ ｌｏｗ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｌｉｍｉｔｓ ｏｎ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｃａｒｄｓ, ａｎｄ ｔｈａｔ ｉｔ ｐｒｉｍａｒｉｌｙ ｓｏｌｉｃｉｔｓ ｇｒａｄｕａｔｅｓ ａｎｄ ｓｐｏｒｔｓ ｆａｎｓ. Ｍａｎｙ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ｈａｖｅ ｒｅｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｅｄ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｂａｎｋ ｔｏ ｌｉｍｉｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ, ｓｈｅ ｓａｉｄ. Ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ｓｔｉｌｌ ｅｎｇａｇｉｎｇ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ ｄｅｆｅｎｄ ｓｅｌｌｉｎｇ ａｃｃｅｓｓ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ. Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅｓ ｓａｙ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｎｅｙ ｈｅｌｐｓ ｔｈｅｍ ｐｌｕｇ ｈｏｌｅｓ ｉｎ ｂｕｄｇｅｔ ｓｈｏｒｔｆａｌｌｓ ａｎｄ ｓｈｒｉｎｋｉｎｇ ｅｎｄｏｗｍｅｎｔｓ. Ｓｏｍｅ ｓａｙ ｔｈｅｙ ｕｓｅ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｎｅｙ ｔｏ ｇｒａｎｔ ｍｏｒｅ ｓｃｈｏｌａｒｓｈｉｐｓ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ. Ｓｏｍｅ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅｓ ａｎｄ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ ａｌｓｏ ａｒｇｕｅ ｔｈａｔ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｎｅｅｄ ｔｏ ｌｅａｒｎ ｆｉｓｃａｌ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ-ａｎｄ ｈｏｗ ｂｅｔｔｅｒ ｔｏ ｄｏ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈａｎ ｂｙ ｈａｖｉｎｇ ａ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ? Ｔｈｅ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｍｉｃｈｉｇａｎ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ, ｆａｃｉｎｇ ｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ ｓｃｒｕｔｉｎｙ ｆｒｏｍ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ, ｓａｙｓ ｉｔ ｒｅａｃｈｅｄ ａｎ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔ ｗｉｔｈ Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ ｔｏ ｓｔｏｐ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｉｎ ｅａｒｌｙ 2008. Ｊｅｒｒｙ Ｓｉｇｌｅｒ, ｃｈｉｅｆ ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ, ｓａｉｄ ｈｅ ｍａｄｅ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ ｂｅｇｒｕｄｇｉｎｇｌｙ. "Ｍａｎａｇｉｎｇ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｉｓ ａｓ ｍｕｃｈ ａ ｐａｒｔ ｏｆ ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｍａｔｕｒａｔｉｏｎ ａｓ ａｎｙｔｈｉｎｇ ｅｌｓｅ ｇｏｉｎｇ ｏｎ ｃａｍｐｕｓ," ｈｅ ｓａｉｄ. "Ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｉｓｎ'ｔ ｂａｄ, ｉｔ'ｓ ａ ｒｅａｌｉｔｙ." Ｔｈｅ ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ ａｒｅ ｎｏｔ ａｌｗａｙｓ ｓｏ ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓ ｆｏｒ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｗｈｏｓｅ ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ ａｌｒｅａｄｙ ｆａｃｅ ｓｏａｒｉｎｇ ｔｕｉｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｓｔｓ ａｎｄ ｈｅｆｔｙ ｌｏａｎ ｐａｙｍｅｎｔｓ. Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ ｓｅｎｉｏｒｓ ｇｒａｄｕａｔｅｄ ｉｎ 2008 ｗｉｔｈ ａｖｅｒａｇｅ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｄｅｂｔ ｏｆ ｍｏｒｅ ｔｈａｎ $4,100, ｕｐ ｆｒｏｍ $2,900 ｆｏｕｒ ｙｅａｒｓ ｅａｒｌｉｅｒ, ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｄａｔａ ｃｏｍｐｉｌｅｄ ｂｙ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｌｅｎｄｉｎｇ ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ Ｓａｌｌｉｅ Ｍａｅ. Ｏｎ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｏｗｎ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｆｉｒｓｔ ｔｉｍｅ, ｙｏｕｎｇ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｕｓｅｒｓ ｃａｎ ｑｕｉｃｋｌｙ ｆａｌｌ ｂｅｈｉｎｄ ｏｎ ｐａｙｍｅｎｔｓ. Ｄｅｓｐｉｔｅ ｎｏｔ ｈａｖｉｎｇ ａ ｆｕｌｌ-ｔｉｍｅ ｊｏｂ ｏｒ ｍｕｃｈ ｉｎ ｓａｖｉｎｇｓ, Ｌｉｓａ Ｓｍｉｔｈ ｅａｓｉｌｙ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｈｅｒ ｆｉｒｓｔ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｏｎ ｃａｍｐｕｓ-ｆｒｏｍ ｂａｎｋ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒｓ ｓｔａｔｉｏｎｅｄ ｏｕｔｓｉｄｅ ｈｅｒ ｆｒｅｓｈｍａｎ ｄｏｒｍｉｔｏｒｙ. Ｏｎｃｅ ｓｈｅ ｒａｃｋｅｄ ｕｐ ｃｈａｒｇｅｓ, ｎｅｗ ｃａｒｄ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ ｐｏｕｒｅｄ ｉｎ ｆｒｏｍ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ. Ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｔｉｍｅ ｓｈｅ ｇｒａｄｕａｔｅｄ ｉｎ 2005, ｓｈｅ ｈａｄ ｔｈｅ ａｖｅｒａｇｅ ｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｏｆ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄｓ ｆｏｒ ａ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ - ｆｏｕｒ - ａｓ ｗｅｌｌ ａｓ $15,000 ｉｎ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｄｅｂｔ. Ｎｏｗ 28, Ｓｍｉｔｈ ｉｓ ｓｔｉｌｌ ｐａｙｉｎｇ $500 ｍｏｎｔｈｌｙ ｉｎ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｂｉｌｌｓ, ｓｏｍｅ ｄａｔｉｎｇ ｂａｃｋ ｔｏ ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｈｅｒ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ ｄａｙｓ. "Ｉ ｋｎｏｗ ｔｈａｔ Ｉ ｂｒｏｕｇｈｔ ｉｔ ｏｎ ｍｙｓｅｌｆ," ｓａｉｄ Ｓｍｉｔｈ, ｗｈｏ ａｔｔｅｎｄｅｄ Ｈｉｇｈ Ｐｏｉｎｔ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｉｎ Ｎｏｒｔｈ Ｃａｒｏｌｉｎａ, ｗｈｉｃｈ ｓａｙｓ ｉｔ ｎｏｗ ｐｒｏｈｉｂｉｔｓ ｏｎ-ｃａｍｐｕｓ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ. "Ｂｕｔ Ｉ ｒｅａｌｌｙ ｆｅｌｔ ｌｉｋｅ Ｉ ｗａｓ ｐｒｅｙｅｄ ｏｎ. Ｉ ｄｉｄｎ'ｔ ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ ｈｏｗ ｌｏｎｇ ｉｔ ｗａｓ ｒｅａｌｌｙ ｇｏｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｔａｋｅ ｔｏ ｐａｙ ｔｈｅｍ ｂａｃｋ." Ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ 'Ｈｕｇｅｌｙ Ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ' Ｏｎ Ｍａｙ 22, 2009, Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ Ｏｂａｍａ ｓｉｇｎｅｄ ｓｗｅｅｐｉｎｇ ｎｅｗ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ ｉｎｔｏ ｌａｗ. Ａｌｌ ｔｏｏ ｏｆｔｅｎ, Ｏｂａｍａ ｎｏｔｅｄ ａｔ ｔｈｅ ｔｉｍｅ, Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄｓ ａｓ ａｎ ａｎｃｈｏｒ ｒａｔｈｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ａ ｌｉｆｅｌｉｎｅ. Ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｎｏ ｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ. Ｔｈｅ Ｃｒｅｄｉｔ Ｃａｒｄ Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ, Ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ ａｎｄ Ｄｉｓｃｌｏｓｕｒｅ Ａｃｔ ｐｒｏｈｉｂｉｔｅｄ ｂａｎｋｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｕｓｉｎｇ ｓｏｍｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｍｏｓｔ ａｇｇｒｅｓｓｉｖｅ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ ｏｎ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ. Ｆｏｒ ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ, ｂａｎｋｓ ｃａｎ ｎｏ ｌｏｎｇｅｒ ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｔｏ ａｐｐｌｙ ｆｏｒ ａ ｃａｒｄ ｔｏ ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎａｌ ｇｉｆｔｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｐｉｚｚａ ｏｒ ｓｗｅａｔｓｈｉｒｔｓ. Ｎｏｒ ｃａｎ ｂａｎｋｓ ｓｕｐｐｌｙ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄｓ ｔｏ ａｎｙｏｎｅ ｕｎｄｅｒ ａｇｅ 21-ｍｏｓｔ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ ｕｎｄｅｒｃｌａｓｓｍｅｎ-ｕｎｌｅｓｓ ｔｈｅ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒ ｈａｓ ａ ｃｏｓｉｇｎｅｒ. Ｔｈｅ ｌａｗ ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓ ｏｎｌｙ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｃｏ-ｓｉｇｎｅｒ ｂｅ ｏｖｅｒ 21. Ｔｈｅ ｃｏ-ｓｉｇｎｅｒ ｎｅｅｄｎ'ｔ ｂｅ ａ ｐａｒｅｎｔ ｏｒ ｇｕａｒｄｉａｎ. Ｔｈｅ ｌａｗ ｄｏｅｓ ｎｏｔ ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｐａｙｉｎｇ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ｆｏｒ ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ ａｃｃｅｓｓ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ. Ｃｈａｓｅ Ｃａｒｄ Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ, ａ ｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ ＪＰＭｏｒｇａｎ Ｃｈａｓｅ & Ｃｏ., ｈａｓ ａ ｈａｎｄｆｕｌ ｏｆ ｓｕｃｈ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ, ｂｕｔ Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ ｄｏｍｉｎａｔｅｓ. Ｉｔ ｂｅｃａｍｅ ｔｈｅ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｌｅａｄｅｒ ｉｎ 2006 ｗｈｅｎ ｉｔ ａｃｑｕｉｒｅｄ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｇｉａｎｔ ＭＢＮＡ, ａ ｐｉｏｎｅｅｒ ｉｎ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ ｔｈａｔ ｏｆｔｅｎ ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄ ｐｒｏ ｓｐｏｒｔｓ ｔｅａｍｓ ａｎｄ ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｓ. Ｓｏｏｎ ａｆｔｅｒ ｔｈｅ ａｃｑｕｉｓｉｔｉｏｎ, Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ ｓｅｔ ｉｔｓ ｓｉｇｈｔｓ ｏｎ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅｓ. Ａｔ ａ Ｍａｒｃｈ 2006 ｃｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｈｏｓｔｅｄ ｂｙ Ｇｏｌｄｍａｎ Ｓａｃｈｓ, Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｖｅ Ｊｏｈｎ Ｃｏｃｈｒａｎ ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ａｓ "ａｎ ｅｍｅｒｇｉｎｇ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｔｈａｔ ｗｅ ｃｏｕｌｄ ｒｅａｌｌｙ ｃａｐｉｔａｌｉｚｅ ｏｎ," ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ａ ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔ. Ｆｒｏｍ ａ ｂａｎｋ'ｓ ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ, ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ａｎ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ ｄｅｍｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃ: Ｎｏｔ ｏｎｌｙ ｄｏ ｍａｎｙ ｆｉｒｓｔ-ｔｉｍｅ ｃａｒｄｈｏｌｄｅｒｓ ｈｕｎｇｅｒ ｆｏｒ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ; ｔｈｅｙ ａｒｅｌｉｋｅｌｙ ｔｏ ｓｔａｙ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ ｆｏｒ ｑｕｉｔｅ ｓｏｍｅ ｔｉｍｅ - ｕｐ ｔｏ 15 ｙｅａｒｓ, ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ａ 2005 ｓｔｕｄｙ ｂｙ Ｏｈｉｏ Ｓｔａｔｅ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ. "Ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄｓ ａｒｅ ｈｕｇｅｌｙ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ ｔｏ ａ ｂａｎｋ," ｓａｉｄ Ｋｅｒｒｙ Ｐｏｌｉｃｙ Ｇｒｏｔｈ, ｗｈｏ ｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｅｄ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｉａｔｅ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ ａｓ ａｎ ＭＢＮＡ ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｖｅ ｆｒｏｍ 1998 ｔｏ 2005. "Ｙｏｕｒ ｆｉｒｓｔ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｉｓ ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ ｔｈｅ ｏｎｅ ｙｏｕ ｋｅｅｐ." Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ ｄｏｅｓ ｎｏｔ ｄｉｓｃｌｏｓｅ ｈｏｗ ｍａｎｙ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ ｉｔ ｈａｓ ｏｒ ｗｈａｔ ｉｔ ｅａｒｎｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄｓ, Ｃｏｃｈｒａｎ, ａｔ ｔｈｅ 2006 ｃｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ, ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｚｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｉａｔｅ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ｍａｒｋｅｔ - ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ, ｆａｃｕｌｔｙ, ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｎｄ ｓｐｏｒｔｓ ｆａｎｓ - ａｓ "ａｎ ｏｖｅｒ $6 ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎ ｐｏｒｔｆｏｌｉｏ." Ｔｈｅ ｐｏｒｔｆｏｌｉｏ ｍａｙ ｈａｖｅ ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｄ ｉｎ ｒｅｃｅｎｔ ｍｏｎｔｈｓ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｂａｎｋ'ｓ ｅｎｔｉｒｅ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ ｈａｓ ｓｕｆｆｅｒｅｄ ｆｒｏｍ ｒｉｓｉｎｇ ｄｅｆａｕｌｔ ｒａｔｅｓ. Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ ｓｐｏｋｅｓｗｏｍａｎ Ｒｉｅｓｓ ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｂａｎｋ ｐｒｉｍａｒｉｌｙ ｔａｒｇｅｔｓ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｎｄ ｆａｎｓ ａｓ ｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ, ｗｉｔｈ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ ｆｏｒ ａｂｏｕｔ 2 ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ ｏｆ ａｌｌ ｏｐｅｎ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｉａｔｅ ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ - ｌｉｋｅｌｙ ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｎｇ ｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓ ｏｆ ｙｏｕｎｇ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｓ. 'Ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ａｓ Ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｉｅｓ' Ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ ｖａｒｙ ｆｒｏｍ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｔｏ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ. Ｔｈｅ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｐｅｎｎｓｙｌｖａｎｉａ'ｓ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔ ｗｉｔｈ Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｔｏ ｃｏｍｐｉｌｅ ａｎ ｉｎｉｔｉａｌ ｌｉｓｔ ｏｆ 233,000 ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ, ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ, ａｌｕｍｎｉ, ｆａｃｕｌｔｙ ａｎｄ ｓｔａｆｆ, ｔｏ ｏｆｆｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｂａｎｋ. Ｉｆ ｒｅｑｕｅｓｔｅｄ, ｔｈｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｒｅｍｏｖｅｓ ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ ｌｉｓｔ. Ｗｈｅｎ Ｐｒｉｎｃｅｔｏｎ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｓｉｇｎｅｄ ｉｔｓ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔ ｗｉｔｈ Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ ｉｎ 2004, ｉｔ ａｇｒｅｅｄ ｔｏ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ｔｈｅ ｎａｍｅｓ ｏｆ ａｔ ｌｅａｓｔ 4,000 ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ａｎｄ 75,000 ｇｒａｄｕａｔｅｓ. Ａｆｔｅｒ ａ ｂａｎｋ ｏｂｔａｉｎｓ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ, ｉｔ ｃａｎ ｓｅｎｄ ａｎ ａｇｒｅｅｄ-ｕｐｏｎ ｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｏｆ ｓｏｌｉｃｉｔａｔｉｏｎ ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ ａｎｄ ｅｍａｉｌｓ. Ａ 2008 ＰＩＲＧ ｓｕｒｖｅｙ ｏｆ ｍｏｒｅ ｔｈａｎ 1,500 ｕｎｄｅｒｇｒａｄｕａｔｅ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｔｈａｔ ａｂｏｕｔ 80 ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ ｍａｉｌｉｎｇｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ. Ｓｏｍｅ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ ａｌｓｏ ｐｅｒｍｉｔ ｂａｎｋｓ ｔｏ ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｅ ａｔ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｓｐｏｒｔｉｎｇ ｅｖｅｎｔｓ. Ｂａｎｋｓ ｏｆｔｅｎ ｈａｖｅ ｂｏｏｔｈｓ ａｔ ｆｏｏｔｂａｌｌ ａｎｄ ｂａｓｋｅｔｂａｌｌ ｇａｍｅｓ ｗｈｅｒｅ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ 21 ｏｒ ｏｌｄｅｒ, ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｎｄ ｆａｎｓ ｃａｎ ｓｉｇｎ ｕｐ ｆｏｒ ａ ｃａｒｄ. Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅｓ ａｎｄ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｓ ａｒｅ ｅｎｔｉｔｌｅｄ ｔｏ ｒｅｗａｒｄｓ ｆｏｒ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇ ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ ａｃｃｅｓｓ ａｎｄ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ. Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ ｐａｙｓ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ $1 ｆｏｒ ｅａｃｈ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｗｈｏ ｏｐｅｎｓ ａ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ ａｎｄ ｋｅｅｐｓ ｉｔ ｏｐｅｎ ｆｏｒ 90 ｄａｙｓ, ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ ｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｆｕｎｄ. Ｓｏｍｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｌｓｏ ｃａｎ ｅａｒｎ ｍｏｒｅ ａｓ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｒａｃｋ ｕｐ ｃｈａｒｇｅｓ-ａｎｄ ｄｅｂｔ. Ｔｈｅ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｏｋｌａｈｏｍａ, ａｍｏｎｇ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ, ｉｓ ｅｎｔｉｔｌｅｄ ｔｏ ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ 0.4 ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ ｏｆ ａｌｌ ｒｅｔａｉｌ ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｓ ｍａｄｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｃａｒｄｓ. Ｍｏｓｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ 17 ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ ｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｆｕｎｄ ｅｎｔｉｔｌｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ｔｏ ｅｘｔｒａ ｃｏｍｐｅｎｓａｔｉｏｎ-ｕｐ ｔｏ $3 ａ ｃａｒｄ--ｗｈｅｎ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｃａｒｒｙ ａ ｂａｌａｎｃｅ ｆｒｏｍ ｙｅａｒ ｔｏ ｙｅａｒ. "Ｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｌｙ, ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ ａｒｅ ｕｓｉｎｇ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ａｓ ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｉｅｓ ｔｏ ｅａｒｎ ｒｅｖｅｎｕｅ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｉｅｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ ｗｈｏ ｄｏｎ'ｔ ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｉｌｙ ｈａｖｅ ｔｈｅ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ' ｂｅｓｔ ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ ｉｎ ｍｉｎｄ," ｓａｉｄ ＰＩＲＧ'ｓ Ｍｉｅｒｚｗｉｎｓｋｉ. Ａｓ ｐａｒｔ ｏｆ ｍａｎｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ, ｂａｎｋｓ ａｌｓｏ ｐａｙ ｆｏｒ ｒｉｇｈｔｓ ｔｏ ｕｓｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｔｒａｄｅｍａｒｋｓ -ｍａｓｃｏｔｓ, ｌｏｇｏｓ ａｎｄ ｅｍｂｌｅｍｓ - ｏｎ ｔｈｅｉｒ ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｅｍｅｎｔｓ. Ｂａｎｋｓ ｏｆｔｅｎ ｂｒａｎｄ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｃａｒｄｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｆａｍｉｌｉａｒ ｉｍａｇｅｓ. Ｔｈｉｓ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｔｏｏｌ, ｋｎｏｗｎ ａｓ ｃｏ-ｂｒａｎｄｉｎｇ, ｈａｓ ｉｔｓ ｃｒｉｔｉｃｓ. Ｉｒｅｎｅ Ｌｅｅｃｈ, ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅ ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ ｏｆ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒ ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ ａｔ Ｖｉｒｇｉｎｉａ Ｔｅｃｈ, ｓａｉｄ ｔｈｅ ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ ｌｅａｄｓ ｓｏｍｅ ｔｏ ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅ ｔｈａｔ ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｉｅｓ ｈａｖｅ ｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｅｄ ｆａｖｏｒａｂｌｅ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｒａｔｅｓ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ. "Ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｎｄ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｂｏｔｈ ｔｈｉｎｋ ｔｈａｔ ｉｔ'ｓ ｔｈｅ ｂｅｓｔ ｄｅａｌ ｏｕｔ ｔｈｅｒｅ ｔｈａｔ [ｔｈｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ] ｃｏｕｌｄ ｇｅｔ ｆｏｒ ｍｅ," ａｎ ａｓｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ ｔｈａｔ ｉｓ ｎｏｔ ａｌｗａｙｓ ｃｏｒｒｅｃｔ, ｓｈｅ ｓａｉｄ. Ｎｏｒ ｄｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｉｌｙ ｇｅｔ ｔｈｅ ｌｏｗｅｓｔ ｒａｔｅｓ. Ａｔ Ｐｒｉｎｃｅｔｏｎ, ａｌｕｍｎｉ ｃａｒｄｓ ｃａｒｒｙ ａｎ ａｎｎｕａｌ ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ 11.9 ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ, ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｔｏ 14.9 ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ ｆｏｒ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｃａｒｄｓ, ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ'ｓ ｓｅｖｅｎ-ｙｅａｒ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔ, ｓｉｇｎｅｄ ｉｎ 2004. Ｒａｔｅｓ ｍａｙ ｈａｖｅ ｃｈａｎｇｅｄ ｓｉｎｃｅ ｔｈｅｎ. Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙ ｃｈａｒｇｅｓ ａ 14.24 ａｎｎｕａｌ ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｎ ｉｔｓ Ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ Ｖｉｓａ Ｐｌａｔｉｎｕｍ Ｃａｒｄ, ｔｈｅ ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ ｉｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｓ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ. Ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ａｒｅ ｎｏｔ ｌｏｃｋｅｄ ｉｎ; ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｖａｒｉｅｓ ｄｅｐｅｎｄｉｎｇ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｍａｒｋｅｔ'ｓ ｐｒｉｍｅ ｒａｔｅ. Ｔｈｅ ｂａｎｋ ｓａｉｄ ｉｔ ｄｏｅｓｎ'ｔ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ ｒａｔｅｓ ｏｎ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｆｏｒ ｒｅａｓｏｎｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｆａｌｌｉｎｇ ｂｅｈｉｎｄ ｏｎ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｐａｙｍｅｎｔｓ. Ｎｏｒ ｄｏｅｓ ｉｔ ｉｍｐｏｓｅ ａｎ ａｎｎｕａｌ ｆｅｅ. "Ｗｅ ｔａｋｅ ａ ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ ｔｏ ｌｅｎｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｙｏｕｎｇ ａｄｕｌｔｓ," Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ'ｓ Ｒｉｅｓｓ ｓａｉｄ, ｎｏｔｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｂａｎｋ ｌｉｍｉｔｓ ａ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ'ｓ ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ ｔｏ ｄｅｂｔ. Ｔｈｅ ｂａｎｋ ｏｆｆｅｒｓ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｌｉｎｅｓ ｆｏｒ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｔｈａｔ "ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ" ｓｔａｒｔ ａｔ $500 ａｎｄ ａｒｅ ｃａｐｐｅｄ ａｔ $2,500, ｓｈｅ ｓａｉｄ. Ｔｈｅ ｂａｎｋ, Ｒｉｅｓｓ ｓａｉｄ, ａｌｓｏ ｓｅｅｋｓ ｔｏ ｅｄｕｃａｔｅ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ. "Ｗｅ ａｌｓｏ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ａ ｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｏｆ ｔｏｏｌｓ ｔｏ ｈｅｌｐ ｙｏｕｎｇ ａｄｕｌｔｓ ｂｅｔｔｅｒ ｍａｎａｇｅ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｆｉｎａｎｃｅｓ," ｓｈｅ ａｄｄｅｄ, ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ ｆｒｅｅ ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ ｔｈｅｆｔ ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ, ａ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ ｈａｎｄｂｏｏｋ ａｎｄ ａｎ ｏｎｌｉｎｅ ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌ ｂｒｏｃｈｕｒｅ ａｂｏｕｔ ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ ｇｏｏｄ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ, ｃａｌｌｅｄ "Ｔｈｅ Ｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｓ." "Ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ ａ ｆｕｔｕｒｅ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒ-ｔｈａｔ ｗａｓ ｒｅａｌｌｙ ｔｈｅ ｇｏａｌ" ｏｆ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ, ｓａｉｄ ｆｏｒｍｅｒ ＭＢＮＡ ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｖｅ Ｇｒｏｔｈ. "Ｙｏｕ'ｒｅ ｎｏｔ ｏｕｔ ｔｏ ｇｏｕｇｅ ｔｈｅｍ; ｙｏｕ ｗａｎｔ ａ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ." Ｓｈｉｆｔｉｎｇ Ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ Ｔｈｉｓ ｓｐｒｉｎｇ, Ｃｏｌｕｍｂｉａ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ, ｔｈｅ Ｉｏｗａ Ｓｔａｔｅ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｍｉｃｈｉｇａｎ Ｓｔａｔｅ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ａｌｌ ａｍｅｎｄｅｄ ｔｈｅｉｒ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ ｔｏ ｐｒｏｈｉｂｉｔ ａｎｙ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ. Ｔｈｅｙ ｄｉｄ ｓｏ ｗｉｔｈｉｎ ａ ｗｅｅｋ ｏｆ ｒｅｃｅｉｖｉｎｇ ｐｈｏｎｅ ａｎｄ ｅｍａｉｌ ｉｎｑｕｉｒｅｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｆｕｎｄ. Ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌｓ ｓａｉｄ ｔｈｅｙ ｈａｄ ｂｅｅｎ ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ａｍｅｎｄｍｅｎｔｓ ｆｏｒ ｍｏｎｔｈｓ. Ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｆｕｎｄ ｒｅｑｕｅｓｔｅｄ Ｃｏｌｕｍｂｉａ'ｓ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ ｏｎ Ｍａｒｃｈ 22. Ｃｏｌｕｍｂｉａ ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌｓ ｓｉｇｎｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ'ｓ ａｍｅｎｄｅｄ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔ ｔｗｏ ｄａｙｓ ｌａｔｅｒ. Ｔｈｅ ｔｉｍｉｎｇ ｗａｓ "ｍｏｓｔｌｙ ｃｏｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔａｌ," ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌ Ｇｒｉｆｆｉｎ, ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｖｅ ｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒ ｏｆ Ｃｏｌｕｍｂｉａ'ｓ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ. Ｈｅ ｓａｉｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｈａｄ ｎｅｖｅｒ ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ. Ｓｅｖｅｎ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ｃｏｎｔａｃｔｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｆｕｎｄ ｓａｉｄ ｔｈｅｙ ｎｏ ｌｏｎｇｅｒ ａｌｌｏｗ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ, ｅｖｅｎ ｔｈｏｕｇｈ ｔｈｅｉｒ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ ｗｏｕｌｄ ａｐｐｅａｒ ｔｏ ｏｂｌｉｇａｔｅ ｔｈｅｍ ｔｏ. Ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌｓ ｓａｉｄ ｔｈｅｙ ｈａｄ ｎｏ ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ ｂａｃｋｉｎｇ ｕｐ ｔｈｅｉｒ ａｓｓｅｒｔｉｏｎｓ. "Ａ ｌｏｔ ｏｆ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ｈａｖｅ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ａｃｃｅｓｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅｉｒ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ" - ｂｕｔ ｄｏｎ'ｔ ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｉｌｙ ａｌｌｏｗ ｉｔ ａｎｙｍｏｒｅ, ｓａｉｄ Ｐｅｔｅｒ Ｏｓｂｏｒｎｅ, ｗｈｏ ｍａｎａｇｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｌｌｅｇｉａｔｅ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ ａｔ Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ ｕｎｔｉｌ 2007. Ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｌｌｙ "ｊｕｓｔ ｒｅｑｕｅｓｔ ｔｈａｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｓｔｏｐ ｒａｔｈｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｒｅｏｐｅｎｉｎｇ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｅｎｔｉｒｅ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ." Ｆｏｒ ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ, ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ａｎ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｔｈｅ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｔｅｘａｓ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ, ｔｈｅ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ ｔｏ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ｔｈｅ ｂａｎｋ ｗｉｔｈ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ' ｎａｍｅｓ ａｎｄ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓｅｓ. Ｂｕｔ ｔｈｅ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ ｓａｙｓ ｉｔ ｈａｓ ａｂａｎｄｏｎｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ. "Ｗｅ ａｒｅ ｎｏｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ａｔ ｔｈｉｓ ｔｉｍｅ ａｎｄ ｗｅ ｈａｖｅｎ'ｔ ｆｏｒ ｓｏｍｅ ｔｉｍｅ," ｓａｉｄ Ｂｉｌｌ ＭｃＣａｕｓｌａｎｄ, ｃｈｉｅｆ ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｎｇ ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒ ｆｏｒ Ｔｅｘａｓ Ｅｘｅｓ, ｔｈｅ ｅｘ-ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ' ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ. "Ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ ａｌｌｏｗｓ ｕｓ ｔｏ ｏｒ ｎｏｔ, ｗｅ ａｒｅ ｎｏｔ ｄｏｉｎｇ ｓｏ." Ｈｅ ａｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｃｏｕｌｄ ｓｔｉｌｌ ｓｉｇｎ ｕｐ ｆｏｒ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄｓ ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ ｔｈｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ'ｓ ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｍｅｎｔ. Ｂａｎｋ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ, ｈｅ ｓａｉｄ, ｉｓ "ｓｔｉｌｌ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｏｕｒ ｃａｒｄ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｙ ａｒｅ ｄｏｉｎｇ ａ ｖｅｒｙ ｇｏｏｄ ｊｏｂ ｏｆ ｉｔ." Ａｔ Ｈａｒｖａｒｄ, ｔｈｅ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｓｕｐｐｏｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ａ ｓｕｂｓｉｄｉａｒｙ ｏｆ Ｂａｒｃｌａｙｓ ＰＬＣ ｗｉｔｈ "ａｓ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ ａ ｌｉｓｔ ａｓ ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ ｏｆ ａｌｌ Ｈａｒｖａｒｄ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｎｄ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ," ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ'ｓ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ. Ｂｕｔ Ｈａｒｖａｒｄ ｓｐｏｋｅｓｍａｎ Ｋｅｖｉｎ Ｇａｌｖｉｎ ｓａｉｄ ｔｈｅ ｃａｒｄ ｗａｓ ｎｅｖｅｒ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｄ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ. "Ｗｅ ｖｉｅｗ ｔｈｉｓ ｃａｒｄ ａｓ ａ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ ｔｏ ａｌｕｍｎｉ," ｈｅ ｓａｉｄ. Ｏｔｈｅｒ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｄ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｆｕｎｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅｙ ｒｅｌｅａｓｅ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ' ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ｓｔａｕｎｃｈｌｙ ｄｅｆｅｎｄ ｔｈｅｉｒ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ ａｓ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ ｏｆ ｒｅｖｅｎｕｅ. Ａｎｄ ｓｏｍｅ ｒｏｙａｌｔｉｅｓ ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ, ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ａｎｄ ｂａｎｋ ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌｓ. "Ｔｈｅ ｒｅｖｅｎｕｅｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｉｓ ｇｏ ｔｏ ｖｉｔａｌ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ ｔｈａｔ ｏｔｈｅｒｗｉｓｅ ｍｉｇｈｔ ｎｏｔ ｂｅ ｆｒｅｅ ａｎｄ ｏｔｈｅｒｗｉｓｅ ｍｉｇｈｔ ｎｏｔ ｂｅ ｏｆｆｅｒｅｄ," ｓａｉｄ Ｏｓｂｏｒｎｅ, ｔｈｅ ｆｏｒｍｅｒ ｂａｎｋ ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ ｗｈｏ ｎｏｗ ａｄｖｉｓｅｓ ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｉｅｓ ａｓ ｔｈｅｙ ｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｅ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ. Ｏｓｂｏｒｎｅ ｓａｉｄ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｖｅｎｕｅｓ "ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ, ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｓｃｈｏｌａｒｓｈｉｐｓ ａｎｄ ｐｒｅｓｅｒｖｅ ｊｏｂｓ ｗｉｔｈｉｎ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｓ." Ｓｏｍｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｒｏｙａｌｔｉｅｓ ｆｒｏｍ Ｐｅｎｎ'ｓ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ ｇｏ ｔｏ ｓｃｈｏｌａｒｓｈｉｐｓ ａｎｄ ｈｅｌｐｅｄ ｐａｙ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ Ｃａｍｐｕｓ Ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓ, ａｎ ｏｎｌｉｎｅ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｗｈｅｒｅ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ｃａｎ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｔｅｘｔｂｏｏｋｓ ａｎｄ ｍａｎａｇｅ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｄｉｎｉｎｇ ｐｌａｎｓ, ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｓｐｏｋｅｓｍａｎ Ｒｏｎ Ｏｚｉｏ. Ｐｒｉｎｃｅｔｏｎ ｕｓｅｓ ｉｔｓ ｐｒｏｆｉｔｓ "ｔｏ ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ ａｌｕｍｎｉ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ," ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｓｐｏｋｅｓｗｏｍａｎ Ｅｍｉｌｙ Ａｒｏｎｓｏｎ ｗｒｏｔｅ ｉｎ ａｎ ｅｍａｉｌ. Ｃａｔｈｅｒｉｎｅ Ｂｉｓｈｏｐ, ｖｉｃｅ ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｐｕｂｌｉｃ ａｆｆａｉｒｓ ａｔ ｔｈｅ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｏｋｌａｈｏｍａ, ｓａｉｄ ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ ａｒｅ ｂｅｎｅｆｉｃｉａｌ ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ ｔｈｅｙ ｌｉｍｉｔ ｔｈｅ ａｍｏｕｎｔ ｏｆ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ ｇｏｅｓ ｏｎ. "Ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ ｔｈａｔ ｗｅ ｈａｖｅ ｉｎ ｐｌａｃｅ," ｓｈｅ ｓａｉｄ, "ｉｓ ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ ｔｏ ｋｅｅｐ ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｓｏｌｉｃｉｔｉｎｇ ｏｎ ｃａｍｐｕｓ." Ｔｈｉｓ ｓｔｏｒｙ ｗａｓ ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄ ｉｎ ｐａｒｔｎｅｒｓｈｉｐ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ Ｓｔａｂｉｌｅ Ｃｅｎｔｅｒ ｆｏｒ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌｉｓｍ ａｔ Ｃｏｌｕｍｂｉａ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ. Ｐｒｏｔｅｓｓ ｉｓ ａ ｓｔａｆｆ ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｒ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｆｕｎｄ. Ｎｅｕｍａｎｎ ｇｒａｄｕａｔｅｄ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ Ｓｔａｂｉｌｅ ｐｒｏｇｒａｍ ｉｎ Ｍａｙ. Ａｍａｎｄａ Ｚａｍｏｒａ, Ｌａｕｒｙｎ Ｓｍｉｔｈ ａｎｄ Ｊｏｓｅｐｈ Ｆｒｙｅ ａｌｓｏ ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ ｔｏ ｔｈｉｓ ｓｔｏｒｙ. Ｈｅｌｐ ｕｓ ｔｒａｃｋ ｄｏｗｎ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ Ｗｅ'ｒｅ ａｓｓｅｍｂｌｉｎｇ ａ ｔｅａｍ ｏｆ ｃｉｔｉｚｅｎ ｊｏｕｒｎａｌｉｓｔｓ ｔｏ ｈｅｌｐ ｕｓ ｏｂｔａｉｎ ａｎｄ ａｎａｌｙｚｅ ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ ａｔ ｔｈｅ ｌａｒｇｅｓｔ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ. Ｗｉｔｈ ｙｏｕｒ ｈｅｌｐ, ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｈｅｌｐ ｏｆ ｖｏｌｕｎｔｅｅｒ'ｓ ｒｅｃｒｕｉｔｅｄ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ Ｃａｍｐｕｓ Ｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ Ｈｕｆｆｉｎｇｔｏｎ Ｐｏｓｔ Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ ｐａｇｅ, ｗｅ'ｌｌ ｂｅ ｃｏｍｐｉｌｉｎｇ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ ｄｅｔａｉｌｓ ｆｏｒ ａｓ ｍａｎｙ ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ ａｓ ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ. Ｔｏ ｈｅｌｐ ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅ, ｓｉｍｐｌｙ ｐｉｃｋ ａ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｆｒｏｍ ｏｕｒ Ｔｏｐ 50 ｌｉｓｔ. Ｆｏｌｌｏｗ ｔｈｅ Ｈｕｆｆｉｎｇｔｏｎ Ｐｏｓｔ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｆｕｎｄ ｏｎ Ｔｗｉｔｔｅｒ ｏｒ ｆａｎ ｕｓ ｏｎ Ｆａｃｅｂｏｏｋ. Ｄｏ ｙｏｕ ｈａｖｅ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ａｂｏｕｔ ｔｈｉｓ ｓｔｏｒｙ? Ｓｅｎｄ ｕｓ ａ ｔｉｐ ｏｒ ｓｕｂｍｉｔ ａ ｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｉｏｎ. ＲＥＰＵＢＬＩＳＨ ＴＨＩＳ ＳＴＯＲＹ ＦＯＲ ＦＲＥＥ: Ｔｈｅ Ｈｕｆｆｉｎｇｔｏｎ Ｐｏｓｔ Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｖｅ Ｆｕｎｄ ｌｉｃｅｎｓｅｓ ｉｔｓ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ Ｃｒｅａｔｉｖｅ Ｃｏｍｍｏｎｓ. Ｗｅ ｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅ ｙｏｕ ｔｏ ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｓｈ ｏｕｒ ｓｔｏｒｉｅｓ ｉｎ ｆｕｌｌ ｗｉｔｈ ｐｒｏｐｅｒ ａｔｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ. _ｑｏｐｔｉｏｎｓ={ ｑａｃｃｔ:"ｐ-ｃｆｙＰｍＣＩ1ＩＬＥ5Ｅ" }; |
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Portfolio Accounting System - Blog Homepage Results
...already provided a full account of the panel discussion in his... from VC portfolio companies; although long... integrated System-on-Chips for the next...
...business, you need to have an accounting system in order to stay in business. So that... a franchise store or a property portfolio. Everything needs to be accounted...
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